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Introduction: The current study aims to investigate the relationship between fear of falling, knee joint proprioception, and physical activity level in elderly with the Fullerton Advanced Balance test.
Method: This study was a correlational research and 57 healthy elderly men were selected through available sampling method in Rasht city in 2016. Data has been gathered by using Fullerton Advanced Balance test (FAB) for measuring balance, a Beack questionnaire for measuring physical activity level, Questionnaire falling efficiency and Scale-International (FES-I) for measuring the fear of falling. Maximum isometric force muscle group in lower limb was measured by using Hand Dynamometer device, and muscle range of motion and knee-joint proprioception by using electro-goniometer device. The data were analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistics by SPSS version 16 software.
Results: Results revealed a negative meaningful correlation between fear of falling and error of knee joint proprioception using Fullerton Advanced Balance test (P≤ 0.001). Moreover, the findings presented a positive, meaningful correlation between physical activity level, hamstring muscular power and Quadriceps muscle, Knee flexion and extension range of motion, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion of ankle by using Fullerton Advanced Balance test (P≤0.001).
Conclusion: Fullerton Advanced Balance test is a favorable clinical instrument which bears a high correlation with the factors of imbalance such as fear of falling, proprioception, muscular power, and range of motion. Nevertheless, more study and research is required to investigate the relationship between the psychoanalytical characteristics of Fullerton Advanced Balance scale and the effective variables in the balance and falling of the elderly.

 

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Introduction: Falling phenomenon is one of the prevalent and serious problems among the elderly that brings about disability and reduction in quality of life for them. Investigating the causes of the fall and identifying the elderly who are at risk of falling, with the aim of reducing and preventing collapse, are deemed integral issues. Hence, this study investigates the role of muscle strength and range of motion of the lower extremity affective in the elderly's fall.
Method: In this study, a systemic search was conducted through the electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, MAGIRAN, IRANDOC, and SID. Necessary searches through the articles published from 1984 to August 2017 for English and Persian keywords were carried out. The English keywords sought included elderly, older adult, geriatric, aging, lower extremity range of motion, fall, gait, and lower extremity muscle strength; the Persian ones included the elderly, lower extremity range of motion, lower limb muscle strength, balance, walking, and slipping. After the initial screening performed based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, the articles published in English and Persian, in terms of the current subject, were investigated.
Results: Forty-three articles were selected, and they examined the role of lower extremity muscles and joints in the case of fall by the elderly using the following methods:  1. Age-related weakening of muscle strength and lower extremity range of motion; 2. The correlation between muscle strength as well as range of motion and balance and walking abilities in the elderly; 3. Comparison of muscle strength and range of motion in the elderly (with a background of falling or lack of such a background) and those in the youth; 4. The effect of certain muscles and joints of the lower extremities on the elderly’s balance, fall, and walking.
Conclusion: Based on the above findings and results, it appears that as aging grows interaction of muscle strength and lower extremity range of motion with power balance increases. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that measuring muscle strength and lower extremity range of motion is of great value in terms of the assessment of balance disorders and functional skills in the elderly.



 

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Introduction: Physical activity and exercise interventions can have a positive effect on improving the quality of life of the elderly and reduce their loss of function. The aim of this study was the effect of a speed stacking training program on manual dexterity in elderly men.
Method: Forty elderly men with an average (74±1.7) years old were selected from nursing home city of Boroujerd in 2016 by available sampling. After taking a pre-test by Purdue Pegboard test, randomly were divided subjects into two groups: the experimental group (n = 20) and control group (n = 20). Speed stacking training was performed in 4 weeks, 45 min sessions, 4 times per week. So post-test was taken after training sessions. Data were analysed using analysis of Covariate (ANCOVA) were used. Data analysis by software Spss (version 22) and the level of significance was 0.05.
Results: The results showed that speed stacking training on variables speed of manual dexterity has a (P<0.05). But had no significant effect on the accuracy of manual dexterity (P>0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, speed stacking training will improve fine motor speed of manual dexterity in elderly men and could be used in sports and daily programs, in rehabilitation centers and nursing homes.
 

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Introduction: Older adults prefer to live at home in later life, but current life condition obliged them to live at nursing homes. However, literatures showed that living in nursring homes leads to dissatisfaction, loneliness and poor quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to perform some interventions to improve the quality of life of older adults in nursing home and increase its acceptability. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of social and recreational interventions on the quality of life of the older adults living at nursing homes in Qazvin and comparing it with the quality of life of community-dwelling older adults.
Method: This was a quasi-experimental study. The sample size was 37 older adults’ residents of nursing homes and 36 older adults living in the community, which were selected through convenience and randomized sampling, respectively. Data were collected using the WHOQOL-36 before and three months after the intervention. Intervention was an amusement program, Inner city tour and a trip outside the city and regular visiting by an internal specialist. Data was analyzed by SPSS21 using independent t-test and paired t-test.
Result: Before the intervention, the mean of quality of life among nursing homes residents was 59.43 ± 8.29 in physical aspect, (63.88 ± 5.80 ) in psychological aspect and overall ( 61.65 ± 5.31). These scores for the older adults in the community were 63.88 ± 5.80, 64.63 ± 8.37 And 64.60 ± 7.30 respectively. After the intervention, mean of quality of life for older adults at nursing homes was 61.29 ± 8.07 in physical aspect, 71.08 ± 6.80 in the psychological aspect and overall 66.18 ± 5.17. No significant changes were observed in the control group (7.85 ± 63.97, 8.10 ± 66.08 and 6.96 ± 65.2).
Conclusion: Some interventions could make the nursing homes more attractive for the older adults and would improve their quality of life similar to community-dwelling older adults.
 

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Introduction: Problems associated with decreased muscle strength and subsequently diminished quality of life, will be increased by aging. Therefore, elderly people will expose to serious injuries. So the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks aquatic therapy exercises with and without Jacuzzi on lower limb strength and quality of life in elderly women.
Method: This study was performed with a pretest-post-test randomized-group design. Thirty six women aged 65-74 years old, participated in the study voluntarily. Participants randomly assigned into 3 groups that each of themcontained12 elderly women, including control, aquatic therapy, and aquatic therapy with Jacuzzi groups. The 30 sec chair stand test and Sf-36 Questionnaire were used to measure lower limb strength and Quality of Life, respectively. ANOVA with repeated measures, independent t-test, and paired-t test were used to statistical analysis with SPSS software version 22. 
Results: After the interventions, strength of the lower limbs had significant increases in the aquatic therapy groups without (p=.000) and with Jacuzzi (p=.000), However there was no significant change in the control group (p=.724). Physical health improved significantly in the aquatic therapy groups without (p=.000) and with Jacuzzi (p=.000), but not in the control group (p=.066). Also mental health increased significantly in the aquatic therapy groups without (p=.000) and with Jacuzzi (p=.000), and decreased significantly in the control group (p=.005).
Conclusion: Performing three sessions of aquatic therapy per week for 8 weeks with or without the use of Jacuzzi, have a positive and significant effect on the muscular strength of the lower limbs and the quality of life in the elderly women.

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Introduction: Upper extremity functional disorders are common in the elderly .The primary goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between the functional disorders of the upper extremity with independence in ADL and geriatric depression in elderly people institutionalized at Neyshabur nursing homes.
Method:   This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in 2017. The statistical population was composed of elderlies who were institutionalized at nursing homes. Via the census method, 72 elderly people were enrolled in the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected with the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (Quick-DASH), the Shah version of the Modified Barthel Index(MBI) and the Geriatric Depression Scale(GDS) questionnaires. To analyze data, SPSS v. 20 with Descriptive statistics, Pearson`s correlation coefficient, Mann–Whitney U test, Independent-Samples T Test and the backward regression analysis were used. The Normality of Data was tested by one sample K-S. P < 0.05 were considered as Significant.
Result: The results showed a Strong relationship between the functional level of the upper extremity and independence in ADL(P<0. 001, r= -0. 64), but there was no association with geriatric depression (P>0. 05, r=0. 04).
Conclusion: With respect to a strong relationship between the functional disorders of the upper extremity and independence in ADL, there is a need for designing a rehabilitative program for upper extremity disorders in order to prevent disability in ADL performance in geriatric nursing homes. As there was no significant relationship between depression and disability, there might be other influencing factors for depression.
 

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Introduction: Elderly health is one of the most important health issues in most societies that can be prevented by elderly problems through health care education. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of multimedia education on promoting healthy lifestyle of the elderly in Tehran.
Method: This clinical trial study was performed on two groups of thirty elderly people with mean age (63.41 6 6.88) who were members of the elderly focal points of Tehran neighborhoods with moderate to poor lifestyle scores. Intervention group received healthy lifestyle training in old age using multimedia educational software and the control group did not receive any intervention. Three months later, the lifestyle of the two intervention and control groups was again assessed.
Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the two groups after the intervention (P <0.001).
 Conclusion: Lifestyle education using multimedia educational content is effective in the elderly and due to the importance of healthy lifestyle in preventing the problems of old age and due to the limitations of the elderly for attending healthy lifestyle training classes, The above method can improve the health of the elderly.
 

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Introduction: Being an elderly is associated with major changes in the quality and pattern of sleep. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sleep hygiene education compared to cognitive- behavioral methodology on the quality of sleep in the elderly patients referred to daily care centers.
Method: This is a quasi-experimental research conducted on two-groups of 80 elderly people referring to day care centers in Sari city. In one group, sleep health education was conducted and in the other group, cognitive-behavioral methodology was held. Eighty eligible elders were assigned to two groups of sleep hygiene education (40N) and cognitive-behavioral intervention (40N). Sleep quality was assessed by Pittsburgh sleep quality standard questionnaire before and after intervention. At the beginning of the study, questionnaires (demographic characteristics questionnaire and Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire) were completed in both groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS v. 20 and descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: The mean age of the samples was  in the cognitive behavioral group and it was  in the sleep hygiene education group. The mean and standard deviation of sleep quality of elderly people, before and after the cognitive behavioral method in the first group were 8.05 ± 3.651, 6.67 ± 2.66 respectively, the mean and standard deviation of sleep quality in the elderly before and after the sleep hygiene education in the second group were8.42 ± 3.39, 7.23 ± 2.454respectively. Comparison of the mean of sleep quality before and after intervention in both groups showed that the sleep quality of the elderly was significantly improved (P< 0.001). Given that the F statistics of covariance analysis test is significant (F (1.79) = 0.999, P = 0.321), Therefore, these two methods had the same effect on the overall quality of sleep in the elderly
Conclusion:, Considering that Cognitive- behavioral and sleep hygiene education method are an effective alternative to medication therapy replacement in the elderly, and each of the two methods have no side effects, it is recommended that, given the based on economic conditions and social facilities for the elderly, and facilities available to them. Each of these two alternatives is a substitute for hypnotics.
 

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 Introduction : Elderly people need a particular way of life in order to have a good life. They need training to become aware of and follow this particular style. Needs assessment and understanding of the current situation is necessary to provide appropriate training.  Needs assessment causes proper planning, saving time and money. Therefore, in this study, we surveyed the educational needs of the elderly about healthy lifestyle in old age.
 
Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that was performed on elderly people in Sirjan in 2018-2019. The sample size was 361 people that was selected based on Morgan table and multistage stratified sampling method. The data was collected on the basis of a questionnaire called "Living in the Iranian Faith" with 46 questions and Cronbach's alpha of 0.77 Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 24 and using ANOVA and Student-t statistics.
 
Results: The overall mean score of healthy elderly lifestyle was 131± 14.00 Therefore; the life style of the elderly in Sirjan was moderate. 293people (%95)were in the average level of life style; in the areas of lifestyle, mean score and standard deviation47±4.00, in the areas of sport, recreation and physical activity with mean score and standard deviation13 ± 13.01, in the areas of  Healthy Nutrition Area with Average Score and SD 31 ± 4.00 in the areas of Stress Management Score with Average Score and SD13± 3.00 , in the areas of  Social and Interpersonal Relations With the mean score and standard deviation 24±5.00,  Elderly people ‘s needs were in the average level.Another result of this study was that there is a relationship between the different educational needs of older people in the field of lifestyle with demographic factors such as gender, age, literacy level as well as the status of being or not having chronic illnesses and living alone or with a partner.
 
Conclusion: Elderly people in Sirjan’s Elderly people are in  moderately situation  in terms of healthy lifestyles and their domains. It is  necessary to pursue more healthy lifestyle education based on their needs and taking into account demographic characteristics..

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Introduction: Increased age is associated with metabolic diseases such as fatty liver due to its associated with decreased physical activity. The aim of the present study was to Compare of traditional and cluster resistance band training on hepato-metabolic indices and physical performance of elderly woman.
Method: In this single-blind randomized clinical trial, 66 elderly women 65 to 80 years old were randomly divided into three groups of traditional training (n = 25), cluster training (n = 25) and control (n = 16). The training groups underwent the same elastic-band resistance training with different rest intervals for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week). Functional tests and blood samples were taken before and after the protocol. One-way ANOVA was used for intergroup comparisons and correlated T-test for intergroup comparisons.
Results: The results showed no significant differences in weight (P = 0.296), body mass index (P = 0.412), height (P = 0.845), triglyceride (P = 0.166), and AST (P = 0.166), ALT (P = 0.557), GGT (P = 0.774), ALT (P = 0.774), FLI (P = 0. 135), FSI (P = 0.445) and HSI (P = 0.545).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that the difference in rest intervals in traditional and clustered resistance training has no effect on body composition, liver enzymes and new fatty liver markers.

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Introduction: Coordination and balance is an indicator to determine the degree of independence of the elderly in performing daily activities.
Method: In this quasi-experimental study, with a pre-test-post-test design, 30 elderly men referred to Arak nursing home with a mean age (68.03 ± 6.05 years), weight (62.20 ± 9.50 kg) height (163.77 ± 6.93 cm) was available as a sample and randomly divided into experimental and control groups of 15 people. The training group practiced in Frankel training program for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week for 30 minutes. Pre-test was performed before training and post-test after 8 weeks of training and the results of both groups were compared. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to ensure the normality of the data and paired t-test and independent t-test were used to analyze the findings within the group and between groups, respectively. Significance level was considered less than 0.05
Findings: The results of the present study showed that 8 weeks of Frankel training had a significant effect on coordination, static, dynamic balance and functional dynamic balance in the post-test compared to the pre-test of the experimental group (P = 0.001). Frankel exercises had a significant effect on coordination (p = 0.042), static balance (P = 0.02), dynamic balance (P = 0.04) and dynamic functional balance (p = 0.001) in the post-test of the experimental group compared to the control group.
Conclusion: It seems that doing Frankel exercises can be suggested as a good training method to improve coordination, static and dynamic balance and improve dynamic functional balance in older men. Therefore, the results of this study introduce a new method for rehabilitation of the elderly.
 

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Introduction: The aging populations around the world are rising dramatically. Decreased age-related functional fitness that including muscle strength, flexibility, balance, agility, speed, and aerobic endurance, negatively affects the quality of life. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of virtual reality exercises on the elderlychr('39')s functional fitness.
Methods: The present study is semi-experimental, Twenty-four elderly people (60-75 years old) were selected by available sampling and randomly divided into two groups: Experimental group (6 males, 6 females, mean age= 66.50 ± 3.80 years old) and control (5 males, 7 females, mean age=  66.75 ± 3.27 years old). After taking the pre-test using elderly functional fitness tests, the intervention was performed in 9 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and an hour each session. And after the end of the training sessions, of them were taken Post-test. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 24) at the significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results showed that virtual reality exercises on functional fitness of the elderly, timed up and go test (P = 0.001), 30-s chair stand (P = 0.002), arm curl (P = 0.002), 2-minutes step test (P = 0.005), scratch back (P = 0.001) chair sit and reach (P = 0.001) had a significant effect.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that virtual reality training program can be used as a new training method to improve the elderlychr('39')s functional fitness parameters in daily programs of nursing homes.

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Introduction: So far, studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of exercise elderly people, Evaluation of the components of balance and the disorders of these components and its effects on the type of balance training provided to the elderly have received less attention. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare two types of specific and comprehensive balance exercises at home on balance indices in elderly men.
Methods: Forty healthy young elderly people between the ages of 60 and 75 were randomly divided into one of three groups: specific training (13 people), comprehensive training
 (14 people) and control group (13 people).
Evaluation of balance component disorder was measured by BEStest from participants in all three groups. In specific Group One balance exercises were presented based on the assessment of disorder in balance components. The exercises presented to the comprehensive group were without regard to the evaluation of individuals. Timed Up and Go Test, Single leg stance test and Activities Specific Balance Confidence Scale were measured before and after training and after one month of follow-up from all participants. Data were analyzed using Repeated measures analysis of variance at a significance level of P = 0.05 by SPSS software.
Results: The results showed that specific and comprehensive balance training programs can have positive effects on the pre-test-post-test stages in Timed Up and Go Test (P = 0.001), Single leg stance test (P = 0.001) and Activities Specific Balance Confidence Scale (P = 0.001). Also, follow-up of the results after one month from the end of the research in the post-test-follow-up phase in three balance indices showed significant and positive effects.
Conclusion: The final results of the present study showed that both specific and comprehensive exercises at home can have positive and lasting effects on improving balance indices in healthy elderly men.
 

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Introduction: It is essential understanding causes of falls among the older adults in order to design effective interventions; therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of muscle weakness in balance and postural instability among older adults with and without a history of falls.Results: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 23 articles entered the final review phase. Eighteen of the above twenty-three studies reported that lower-limb muscles play an important role in balance and postural stability, and five articles investigated the role of lower-limb muscles in balance and falls among the older adults.
Conclusion: It seems that muscle weakness is a risk factor for falls among the older adults. Both the distal and proximal muscles of the lower limb play an important role in the balance and fall among the older adults. Studies showed that upper-limb muscles play a more important role in balance, postural instability, and falls among the older adults than lower-limb muscles. Therefore, to prevent muscle weakness-related falls among the older adults, training programs should be considered to increase the muscle strength and thus to reduce the risk of falls in this age group and increase the number of active older adults in the society.

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Introduction: In recent years, the effect of cognitive exercises on improving gait parameters has been studied, but the effects of these exercises on coordination inter-joint of the lower limbs have received less attention. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dual task motor-cognitive training on inter-join coordination during walking in elderly with balance impairment.
Methods: 30 elderlies with the mean age of 73.8 participated in this study. The elderly's functional balance score (Berg) was lower than 52, and the Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE) was higher than 23. These individuals were purposefully divided into two groups, the experimental group participated in 24 training sessions after the pre-test and the control group engaged in normal daily activities. To assess the inter-join coordination, the participants had to walk a 12-meter path and the coordination was recorded at the sagittal level in four gait cycle by vector coding. The data were analyzed by repeated measures and one-way ANOVA at the significance level of p < 0.05.
Results: The findings of this study showed that after training, the amount of coupling angle has decreased in most gait cycles. The greatest effect of dual training in the experimental group is in the loading response and push off (p <0.05). Some temporal characteristics of gait, such as walking speed, were also significantly improved by dual task training (p <0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that the dual task training had improved the coordination characteristics between the lower limbs joints. This change in coordination with the improvement of some temporal parameters was a sign of increased balance and better posture control in the elderly with balance impairment.

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Introduction: Physical activity can slow down the body's destructive process in old age. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of home-based Otago exercise on balance, quality of life and fear of falling of the elderly.
Methods: 26 elderly people over 60 years old in Arak city participated in this semi-experimental study voluntarily and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (each group includes 9 women and 4 men). The experimental group performed Otago exercises for 8 weeks 3 sessions per week for 60 minutes each session. The control group had a normal routine during this period. Static and dynamic balance, fear of falling and quality of life were assessed using 4 stage static balance test and timed up and go test, Falls Efficacy Scale-International Questionnaire (FES-I) and Older People’s Quality of Life Questionnaire (OPQOL-35), respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of covariance test and SPSS software version 22 (P<0.05).
Results: The results of statistical analysis showed a significant improvement in static (P<0.001) and dynamic balance (P<0.001), quality of life (P<0.001) and fear of falling (P<0.001) in the Otago compared to the control group.
Conclusions: Due to the limitations of the elderly to perform physical activity outdoors, especially in the pandemic conditions of Covid-19 disease and the positive effects of performing Otago home-based exercise in the present study, it is recommended to use this training method to increase the quality of life and balance and reduce the fear of falling of the elderly.

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Introduction: The emphasis of World Health Organization on importance of  social health, along with physical health, have turned social health into a common concern for social planners in all societies. Thus, present study attempts to study the effectiveness of psychological empowerment on social health of aging women in Tehran.
 Methods: This experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population included all women aged 60 to 70 years in Tehran in 2020-2021. Twenty-four people (12 in the control group and 12 in the experimental group) were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups by available sampling method. Using a pre-test and post-test pilot design with the control group, the aging first completed the Keyes social health questionnaire and then the experimental application of psychological empowerment was performed in 8 sessions on the experimental group and after the post-test sessions was presented for both groups. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data using SPSS v.19 software.
Results: The results showed that psychological empowerment training program on social actualization (F=10.278 and P=0.005), Social integration (F= 19.303 and P=0.001), Social coherence (F=10.685 and P=0.005), social acceptance (F=11.422 and P=0.004) and social contribution (F= 9.649 and P=0.006) There was a significant difference between the two groups in the two stages of evaluation has done. This means that the psychological empowerment program promoted the social health of the aging.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be said that psychological empowerment program is effective on the components of social health of older women and the knowledge of experts in the fields of counseling, aging, psychology and health of these trainings can be helpful.
 

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Introduction: older adults show high levels of co-contraction in lower extremities’ muscles due to the deterioration of the neuromuscular and sensory motor systems. Increased co-contraction leads to disruption of daily motor activities, especially movements in which joint stability is critical; therefore, it is important to pay attention to training programs to strengthen muscles and increase intramuscular coordination in older adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of unstable resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on ankle muscles’ co-contraction of older adults.
Methods: 27 older adults (62 ± 1.5 years old) were assigned into three groups of unstable resistance training without blood flow restriction, unstable resistance training with blood flow restriction (72± 9 mm Hg) and control. The training program consisted of three to four sets of 15 repetitions of body weight squats for four weeks and three sessions per each week, which were gradually added to the program by 5% of each person's body weight. Pre- and post- intervention, the electromyography signals of Tibialis Anterior and soleus muscles were recorded during walking in order to determine the rates of agonist and antagonist activity and muscles’ co-contraction. For data analysis, repeated measures analysis of variance and analysis of covariance tests with Bonferroni post hoc test were used at 0.05 of level of significance.
Results: The results showed that in post-test, the activity of the Tibialis Anterior muscle of both training groups was significantly increased compared to pre-test. Also, statistically significant difference was found in co-contraction rates of both groups in post-test. The results of Bonferroni post hoc test showed a statistically significant difference in reduction of co-contraction rates between the resistance training group with blood flow restriction and the control group (P=0.015) and between resistance training group without blood flow restriction with the control group (P=0.005). But no statistically significant difference was found between the two training groups.
Conclusion: Resistance training on unstable surface with and without blood flow restriction is associated with increased agonist muscle activity, which leads to a decrease in ankle muscles’ co-contraction in older adults.
 

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Introuduction: Aging along with hope to life, is the basis for improving the well-being and quality of life in the elderly people. Therefore, the aim of this research was to comparing of the effectiveness of spirituality based existentialism therapy and healthy aging training model on hope to life of elderly people.
Methods: The study was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population were the elderly people living in elderly care centers in Isfahan city in the spring of 2022, and the sample group was 58 of these elderly people who were purposefully selected and then randomly assigned into two experimental groups and one control group (The control group and the spirituality-based existential therapy group have 20 people in each group and the healthy aging training group has 18 people). Each of the spirituality-based existential therapy and healthy aging training model was carried out in 12 sessions of 90 minutes. Data were collected through the demographic information form and the hope to life scale and were analyzed by the methods of chi-square analysis, covariance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS version 26 software.
Results: Findings of the research have demonstrated that the experimental and control groups did not have significant differences with each other in the variables of age, gender, education, number of children, physical illness and marital status (P>0.05). Also, the findings indicated that only the healthy aging training model is effective in improving hope to life in the elderly (P<0.01) and the spirituality based existentialism therapy does not have a significant effect on increasing this variable (P>0.05).  
Conclusion: It is concluded that, the healthy aging traing model as an effective approach can be used in care and education centers for the aging people to increase the hope of life, which plays a important role in improving their quality of life.
 

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Introduction: Impaired balance is one of the consequences of aging that causes disruption and inability to function in these people and also causes the elderly to fall. All of this increases the importance of preventing the risk of falls for the elderly. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect and persistence of Otago exercise program on balance, cardiovascular endurance and lower limb strength in elderly women with a history of falls.
Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and survival phase, in which 30 elderly women aged 60 to 70 years were randomly divided into two equal experimental groups of 15 people in Otago and control group (15 people). The experimental group performed Otago exercises (8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 45 minutes per session). Before and after 8 weeks of training and one month after training, in order to measure balance, cardiovascular endurance and lower limb strength of the subjects, respectively, from Y test, , The 6-minute walk test and the 30-second standing-up test were measured. In the inferential statistics section, analysis of variance with repeated measures at a significance level of 95% (P <0.05) was used to analyze the data.
 Results: The results showed that in the experimental group there was a significant difference in the scores obtained between the pre-test and post-test groups in balance, cardiovascular endurance and lower limb strength (p≥0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the control group for all three variables (p≥0.05).
Conclusion: The results showed that the Otago training group significantly improves balance, cardiovascular endurance and lower limb strength in the elderly. Therefore, Otago exercises can be used to reduce the risk of falls and improve postural control in the elderly.