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Introduction: Despite the importance of exercise and physical activity on the health of elderly, the amount o physical activity (exercise) among this vulnerable class of society is declining. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying the determinants of the implementation of physical activities in the older adults in Tehran.
Method: This Study was a qualitative design and carried out using Grounded theory methodology. Data was collected via semi-structured in-depth interviews and field notes. Data collection was conducted in the year 2015. Thirty elderly and 10 sport experts were interviewed were interviewed. Analyzing of the data was carried out with the Corbin and Strauss (2008) approach.
Results: Concepts of the study were identified using micro and macro analysis. In during of data analysis, 350 free codes related to elderly' physical activity were extracted and classified into three categories, 200 of which were assigned to barrios and 150 to motivators. These categories were environmental factors, interpersonal factors, and intrapersonal factors.
Conclusion: Compared to quantitative studies, this study managed to identify the determinants of the implementation of physical activities in elderly in a better and deeper way. By identifying the motivators and barriers to the implementation of physical activity in elderly, those in charge of providing sports services to the elderly can facilitate elderly ' participation in physical activities by exploiting the motivators and removing the barriers and improve the physical and mental health of the elderly because of this increased participation.

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Introduction: Instructional self-talk is one of the cognitive processes and strategies that is assumed to be one of the appropriate and applicable interferential methods which can be practiced to improve individuals’ performance. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of instructional self- talk frequency on the older adult’s conduction of motor performance.
Method: This study is of semi-experimental research which is comprised of pre, post and retention tests. 36 older adults from the city of Ahwaz were equally assigned to 3 groups. 1-repetition instructional self-talk, 3-repetition instructional self-talk and no self-talk; respectively distinguished the first, the second and the third group that is considered as the control group. Firstly, the participants took a pre-test. Afterwards they practiced basketball chest pass skill for 2 weeks, 3 sessions a week. After the last practice session, the post test was done and 48 hours following the post test, the retention test was done as well. The criteria to participate in the study were full awareness plus psychological and mental health. The data was analyzed with combined and within group variance analysis at the significance level of (p<0.05).
Results: The findings of the study indicated that the practice of self-talk with 1-repetition in comparison with 3-repetition self-talk and no self-talk, had a positive effect on elders in conducting the chest pass during post and retention tests (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Briefly speaking, less alternated self-talk may improve older adult performance in conducting skills that are attention requiring such as basketball chest pass.

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Introduction: Evidence show that sport has positive effects on elderly’s health. But old people don’t usually interest in doing physical activities. On the other hand, designs of sport facilities and equipment aren’t appropriate for elderly. This research was conducted with the aim of identify the requirements of sport facilities and equipment for elderly. 
Method: This research was carried out with both qualitative and quantitative methods and by using of ANP method during 1396-1397 in Tehran and Karaj. In qualitative phase, the data were collected by interviewing with 15 experts. Then in quantitative phase, Paired Comparison Questionnaire was used and results were managed by Excel 2010 and prioritized with ANP method using super decision software 2.8.
Results: 5 Main requirements and 32 sub-criteria were identified. They were prioritized as below: Safety and environmental security, structure of interior design, basic principals in design, physical and users factors of building, charm and aesthetics. 
Conclusion: Identification and prioritization of requirements for interior design of sport facilities and equipment could help to stakeholders for appropriate designing of these facilities. so elderly will be interested to doing sports and a safe and calmly environment provided for them. 

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Introduction: Dueto the aging world population, the outbreak of chronic diseases in this age group and the importance of sport as a factor promoting  the physical and mental health of the elderly, This study examines the relationship between television sport programs  with the sports participation of elderly people.
Method:  In this Correlation study by field method, 384 elderly people from all regions of Shiraz. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed by random sampling method and by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Pearson correlation coefficient analyzed by SPSS_20 software.
Results: The results of correlation coefficient showed between playback subscales, Content, time, Varied and innovative programs, Popular sports network plans, Health and Wellness Programs, Educational and  awareness programs, Sport TV, The participation of the elderly has a significant relationship of level (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Television sport programs have increased the sports participation of the elderly by increasing awareness of the positive role of exercise and physical activity in physical and mental health. This result reflects the effective role of television in encouraging the elderly to participate in sports.
 

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Introduction: The period of ageing is one of the most important periods in human’s life. Elderly population always have problems.  Participation in sports activities plays an important role in elderly people’s life. Every elderly person’s social capital is the most important on which a person participates in sport. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between social capital and sport participation in elderly men of Lahijan city in 2019.
Method: This   study   was a descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population of this study was included all elderly people in Lahijan city. 227 people were selected as a sample. A probability sampling method was used in this   study. The instrument was included Nahapiet and Ghoshal’s social capital and Trail’s sport participation questionnaires. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS and PLS software.
Results: the results showed that elderly men’s age mean was 66 years. The effectiveness of structured social capital on the mental development of sports participation (P<0.034, β=2.32), the effectiveness of structured social capital on the objective development of sports participation (6P<0.014, β= 6.98), the effectiveness of communication social capital on the mental development of sports participation (P<0.033, β=2.71), and the effectiveness of cognitive social capital on the mental development of sports participation (P<0.007, β=9.98) was confirmed in the elderly population.
Conclusion:  The results show that the development of social capital provides more sports participation for the elderly people and social capital can have an effect on elderly people’s sports.

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The phenomenon of increasing elderly population is one of the most important economic, social and health challenges in the 21st century. Currently, Iran's population is not structurally elderly, but soon, the elderly population in Iran will form a significant part of the country's population structure.
Methods:The purpose of this research was to investigate the quality of sports and entertainment facilities in Mashhad municipality with the approach of an elderly-friendly city. The statistical population included two parts: spatial and human. Using Cochran's sampling method, and according to the total population of people 60 years and older living in Mashhad (22481 people), the sample size was determined to be 378 people (15).. Then, by using a pilot project in some sports and recreational places, the attitude of the elderly towards the services provided by the Mashhad municipality was investigated.
The criteria for entering the study include the ability to do sports, the absence of sensory and motor disabilities, not taking anti-depressants, not suffering from Alzheimer's disease and physical illness or the history of any specific disease that may endanger a person's health by doing sports  (16). The exclusion criteria included unwillingness to continue cooperation in the research. Demographic profile questionnaires, socio-economic status questionnaire (17) and service quality measurement questionnaire of Parasuraman et al. (1988), were used to collect data. 0.88 (18). Finally, 352 questionnaires were collected for statistical analysis.
One-Sample Kolmogorov Smirnov statistical test was used to determine the normality of the data obtained from the demographic variables. Non-parametric tests such as Wilcoxon statistical tests, Friedman's ranking, repeated measurement and Ben-Froni's post hoc test were used to determine the quality of sports services in the thirteen districts of Mashhad Municipality. The probability value of α=0.05 was used to analyze the results in the SPSS-25 software environment. The research design of the present study was approved by the ethics committee of the Islamic Azad University of Mashhad with the code IR-IAU-MSHD.REC.1397.027.
Results
Based on One-Sample Kolmogorov Smirnov’s results, the null hypothesis was rejected, so non-parametric tests such as Wilcoxon statistical tests, Friedman's ranking, measurement Repeated and Ben-Ferroni post hoc test were used for data analysis.
The findings demonstrated that among the five dimensions of the SEROQUEL model, the assurance dimension with the highest score (3.735 ± 0.707) ranks first. Dimensions of tangibles (3.717±0.734), reliability (3.692±0.603), responsiveness (3.476±0.839) and empathy (3.326±1.087) were placed in the second to fifth ranks respectively. Also, perceptions-expectations difference scores of the elderly regarding the quality of municipal sports facilities compared, results showed in all dimensions, the score of perceptions of the existing situation was significantly lower than their expectations which showed a negative gap in all five dimensions. The largest negative gap (-0.747) was related to the dimension of assurance. The smallest negative gap was related to the responsiveness dimension.
In interpreting the results of Will-Coxon's test to understand the difference between the current and desired conditions of the quality of sports services provided by Mashhad Municipality for the elderly, the value of Z, which is significant at the error level of less than 0.001, It confirms that there is a significant difference in the level of perception-expectation. The negative gap indicates the amount and direction of these differences.
In compare the average data among dimensions of service quality, by repeated measure, results showed there is a significant difference between the score of service quality dimensions in the perception section (P≥0.05), but the results of Bonferroni's post-hoc test showed that the only significant difference in current situation is located between the score of the reliability dimension and other four dimensions of quality (P≥0.05). difference between the other four dimensions (tangibles, assurance, responsiveness and empathy) were not significant.
In examining the expectations of the elderly regarding the quality of municipal sports facilities, it was observed that the mean score of expectations in all dimensions is higher than perception. The results of the Friedman ranking test showed a significant difference between the scores of these dimensions (Table 6). According to the significance of Friedman's test, the chi-square value obtained for the average perceptions was equal to 36.661, which is at the error level of less than 0.05.  
Discussion and Conclusion
According to the results of the present research, in measuring the quality of sports facilities in Mashhad Municipality from the perspective of the elderly, in the perception section, the dimension of assurance with the highest score and the dimensions of tangibles, reliability, responsiveness and empathy were ranked in the second to fifth ranks, respectively. Also, in the expectations section of the assurance dimension, tangibles, reliability, responsiveness and empathy were ranked first to fifth respectively. In all dimensions, the scores of seniors' perceptions of service quality were significantly lower than their expectations, and in other words, there was a negative gap in all five dimensions. The biggest negative gap was related to the dimension of assurance, reliability, tangibles, empathy in the next categories and the least was related to the dimension of accountability. The following researchers also reported a negative gap in the evaluation of the quality of services in university sports facilities, sports clubs and recreational sports facilities in all dimensions, which were in line with the results of the present study (11,12,19,20) The existence of a negative gap in all dimensions of quality indicates the existence of problems in service provision and makes it necessary to pay attention to the quality-of-service provision and improve it.
Compared to the results of foreign research results showed that the quality of public sports services has an average level (31). Unfortunately, no positive gap was found in any of the dimensions of service quality in the present study and other internal studies, which indicates the low and unacceptable quality of services provided at the level of sports facilities in the country.
 

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Introduction: Given the rapid changes in the country's population pyramid towards aging, planning strategies and techniques that slow down this process should be a focus for health planners. One of the most effective measures is the development of water sports and hydrotherapy. Therefore, the aim of this research was to identify and rank the factors affecting social marketing in the development of exercise in the water and hydrotherapy among the elderly in Tehran.
Methods: The statistical population of the study was all elderly people visiting private swimming pools in 22 districts of Tehran in 2023. Considering the determination of sample size for an unlimited population, using the Cochran formula, the number of 384 people was specified. Two questionnaires were used to collect data: the Lifebour (2010) social marketing questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire on exercise in the water and hydrotherapy development. The reliability and validity of the tools were confirmed using factor analysis. Path analysis method and Friedman test were used to analyze the data and rank the factors.
Results: Based on the path analysis results, it was determined that social marketing had a positive and significant effect with a coefficient of 0.452 on the development of hydrotherapy and exercises in the water (path coefficient = 0.38, t-value = 2.231), and all social marketing components were influential on hydrotherapy development. Also, based on the results of the Freeman test, the customer orientation component had the highest priority with a score of 4.19 and the social marketing mix component had the lowest priority with a score of 3.72.All calculations were at the 95% confidence level.

Conclusion: Given that social marketing seeks to adopt a new behavior in society, exercising in water and hydrotherapy should be considered a value for the elderly. Also, since all components of social marketing were effective, it is necessary for planners to pay attention to all components simultaneously in order to be effective in attracting and retaining the elderly.