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Introduction: The growing trend of the aging phenomenon introduce the necessity of attention to perceived social support as an effective factor in promoting older adults health. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between perceived social support and health in the elderly in Azarshahr.
Method: The current study is a cross-sectional and descriptive study which was conducted by participation of 312 older adults who aged 65 years and above from Azarshahr city using stratified random sampling method. The Goldberg General Health Questionnaire was used to evaluate the mental health, the General Health Questionnaire to assess general health and ability to perform activities of daily living, the Keyes Social Health Questionnaire to measure social health and the Sarason’s Social Support Questionnaire to assess perceived social support. One-dimensional tables and independent t test and ANOVA were used to describe and analysis of the data by SPSS software version 14.
Results: The health status of the elderly in the Azarshahr is on moderate level (53.53%). Approximately 47 percent of them had a high level of perceived social support. There is a significant relationship between perceived social support and mental (p <0.001) and social health of older adults (p = 0.002), while there is no significant relationship between perceived social support and physical health of them (p = 0.431).
Conclusion: Elderly people with high level of perceived social support have better mental and social health than others. But perceived social support does not have any effect on physical health.

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Introduction: Attention to spirituality and effective related factors is so important because it brings peace and Indescribable joy as a need for older adults. This study examined the relationship between spirituality health with depression and sleep quality in older adults in Shahroud.
Method: In this descriptive-analytical study, 235 older adults in Shahroud was participated, Data were collected by using demographic form, Alison’s and palowtzin spiritual health questionnaire, Geriatric Depression Scale and Petersburg sleep quality index (PSQI) questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient, Independent T test and one-way ANOVA statistical tests and by SPSS software version19.
Results: The average age of older adults was 66.48 ± 4.82 and 53.7% of them was female. The majority of them was married (69.8%) and had primary education (64.4%). There was significant negative correlation between depression and spiritual health (dimensions and total score) in older adults (P<0.001). Also significant negative correlation revealed between total score of spiritual health and its dimensions with sleep quality (P<0/001).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it is recommended to more attention to spiritual health in older adults and using strategies to promote it, as a useful way to prevent and reduce depression and improve sleep quality of this age group.

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Introduction: Given the increase in the number of elderly, thus the marital satisfaction is becoming more important than before. However the assessment of marital satisfaction of the elderly requires a right tool which is proportional to the elderly of the community,Therefore, The purpose of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of marital satisfaction in the elderly and relationship of its components with the mental health and sexual intimacy of elderly in the province of Tehran.
Method: In this cross-sectional and correlational study, 383 elderly residents from the regions 1 and 6 of Tehran in the year 2015 were selected to complete the Heinz’s marital satisfaction, Batlani’s sexual intimacy, and Goldenberg and Hiller’s mental health questionnaires. The data were analyzed using confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis and Lisrel software.
Results: Content validity index of the scale was confirmed by four professionals. Factor analysis of direct Oblimin rotation shows the relationship between the three general agent (satisfaction from communication and empathy, emotional and sexual satisfaction and the satisfaction from the health of spouse) in the questionnaires, accounting for the 59.23% of the total variance. Its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and using split method was (0.89) & (0/72), respectively. Additionally, the results showed marital satisfaction of elderly is predictable through sexual intimacy and general health (P= 0/001).
Conclusion: The results suggest that the Persian version of the marital satisfaction of the elderly questionnaire has desirable credibility and reliability and can be used in the research, clinical, and treatment environments in order to assess the marital satisfaction of the elderly.

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Introduction: The World Health Organization stressed on the importance of social health as well as physical health, so social health has become the common concern of sociologists and social planners in each community. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between irrational beliefs, mindfulness and cognitive fusion with social health in elderly.

Methods: In this descriptive study, 112 Elderly men were selected by available sampling method from all elderly men over 60 years old in Ardabil city, 2016. For data collection, the irrational beliefs scale, mindfulness scale, cognitive fusion scale and social health scale were used. Research data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression methods by SPSS 23 statistical software.

Results: The results showed a significant relationship between irrational beliefs (r=-0/58, p<0.05), mindfulness (r=0/47, p<0.05) and cognitive fusion (r=-0/63, p<0.05) with social health. Beta coefficients for predictor variables indicated that irrational beliefs -0/32, mindfulness 0/33, cognitive fusion -0/38 have significantly predictive capability of social health of elderly (p<0.05).

Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that elderly with higher levels of irrational beliefs and cognitive fusion have lower social health than their peers, while higher mindfulness could improve the social health in them.

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Introduction: Due to the dramatic increasing in elderly population in Iran, their health-related quality of life has become to one of the main challenges. This study examined the relationship between social support and health-related quality among elderly in Tabriz.
Method: In this correlational study, the information collected using health-related quality of life questionnaire and social support questionnaire in a sample of 350 elderly people at ten area of Tabriz. The data were analysized by SPSS version 23.
Results: Findings showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between social support and health-related quality of life. The health-related quality of life is elderly men was greater than women. Stepwise Regression analysis indicated that social support, income and social support achieved from friends explained 30% of  elderly people health-related quality of life.
Conclusion: Considering social support as a one of social determinants of health is an important factor in improving the quality of life of elderly.

 

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Introduction: High blood pressure is the most important public health problem in developing countries. It a leading cause of stroke, kidney failure, premature death and a risk factor for cardiovascular disease particularly in elderly. The aim of conducting this study was to investigate the factors associated with self-care behaviors in elderly with hypertension based on health belief model in Uremia County.
 Method: In this cross-sectional study of 120 elderly patients with hypertension who covered by health care centers in Uremia city were randomly enrolled. Data collection questionnaire included demographic questions, knowledge, self-care and health belief model structures. Data using ANOVA, linear regression analysis using software was 16SPSS
 Results: The mean age of the elderly was 72.6 ± 11.72 years. The results showed that self-care behaviors had a significant relationship with gender, marital status, and economic situation.  Perceived self-efficacy (B=0.382) and perceived susceptibility (B=0.20) were highest and lowest predictors of self-care behavior among HBM constructs respectively and were statistically significant. 
 Conclusion: According to the results, HBM constructs can play an important role in hypertension control among an elderly and perceived self-efficacy was more predictor hypertension self-care behaviors between HBM constructs.   Therefore, recommended that researchers focus on another HBM constructs on self-care behaviors in the elderly at future studies

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Introduction: Menopause is a natural event that occurs in adulthood that in the long term can negative effects on the people. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise on general health, happiness and life expectancy in post-menopausal and elder women.
Method: The present research in terms of strategy is descriptive and it was comparative in terms of performance. A total of 109 postmenopausal women (42 active and 67 inactive) in Shiraz (in 1395) By Available sampling method and voluntarily to participated in the study.In order to collect information, we used of the demographic information form , General Health Questionnaire (GHQ28), Oxford Welfare (OHI) and Schneider Life expectancy. To analyze the data we used of SPSS/18, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and independent t-test (α= 0.05).
Results: The results showed that active postmenopausal women compared to inactive postmenopausal women are better in happiness (p=0.001).  And also active postmenopausal women significantly better in Public health than inactive postmenopausal women (p=0.001).  But there was no significant difference in the scale of the life expectancy between two group (p=0.445).
Conclusion: According to the research findings, it can be said that Physical activity and exercise can improve overall health and happiness in postmenopausal women. Therefore, It must be resolved consider to accelerate postmenopausal women's participation in sports and provide the necessary facilities to exercise for this population.

 

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Introduction: Assessment of the general health  of the elderly is of utmost importance to determine their physical and psychological problems. This study aimed to measure general health status was conducted in Sabzevar , 2016.
Method: This study was discriptive-analytic is based on elderly oer 60 years of age without cognitive problems in sabzevar. The data collected through a questionnaire consisted of two parts: demographic and public health -28 GHQ . The data were analyzed via descriptive statistics , One- way onava and independent T-test by using SPSS software (Ver.19).
  Results: The findings suggest that the cutoff point of 23 to CHQ-28, just 60 percent of seniors in Sabzevar good general health condition was good. Bivariate tests showed that general health, sex, education, marital status and their co-existence of a significant relationship is (001/0> P).
 Conclusion: According to the results of this study, a large percentage of elderly people in Sabzevar not good general health, the General  health status of the elderly in the city, is of particular importance.
 

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Introduction: Ageing of population and protection of mental health in old age are becoming a major societal concern. Older adults are more likely to experience events that effect their mental health and weaken it. Therefore, consideration of the factors related to mental health of this group is necessary. So the purpose of this study was to study structural and simultaneous relationship of basic psychological needs and subjective well-being with mental health between older adults.
Method: The research method was correlation. Among the elderly men and women over the age of 60 years in Tehran in 2016, 247 elderly including 95 women and 152 men were selected by available sampling method. Subjective well-being (α=0/78), Basic psychological needs (α=0/73) and Psychological health (α=0/66) scales were used to collect date. The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation Coefficient (correlation matrix) and path analysis model using SPSS23 and Liserl 8.5.
Results: the results showed a significant relationship between basic psychological needs: autonom (p<0.01،r=0.78), competence (p<0.01،r=0/69), relatedness (p<0.01،r=0/75) with psychological health.and too significant relationship between cognitive well-being (p<0.01، r=0/49), emotional Well-being (p<0.01، r=0/73) and social well-being (p<0.01،r=0/67) with psychological health.
Conclusion: Basic psychological needs and subjective well-being are important in improving the psychological health of older adults. Providing these needs will strengthen their subjective well-being and ultimately lead to better mental health.
 

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Introduction: Daily behaviors of the elderly affect oral and dental conditions. Today, the oral health of the older adults and promote it are very much taken into consideration, which is directly related to their quality of life. The main aim of this study was evaluation of Oral health status of male older adults in Razi psychiatric hospital.
Method: In this cross-sectional hospital-based study, we recruited male admitted older adults aged ≥ 60 in Razi psychiatric hospital in Tehran, 2016. The study sample comprised120 subject which were selected through the census sampling method. Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI), Abbreviated Mental Test score (AMTs), and socioeconomic questionnaires were used to collect the data. Reliability and validity of both questionnaires in Persian language have been confirmed. The gathered data were analyzed by SPSS-18 and Pearson correlation coefficient test.
Results: A total of 120 male older adults, were included into the study. The mean age of the participants was 66.14 ± 3.37 years and of mean years of hospitalization was 20.16 ± 9.70. Results indicated that the oral health status of the elderly was undesirable. Factors such as cognitive status, age, education, and number of teeth were significantly correlated with oral health status.
Conclusion: Evaluation of the oral health in the elderly is essential for determining the impact of different dental procedures and care. According to the findings, the oral health status of elderly men in Razi Psychiatric Hospital is weak. Therefore, accurate oral examinations are recommended.
 

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Introduction: The investigation of psychometric properties of the short-form of self-management ability scale in older people, including reliability, validity, confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis was the purpose of this study.
Method:  In this descriptive- survey study,  283 older people (135 males and 148 females), were selected through available sampling in Tehran. The construct validity of management ability scale was investigated through exploratory factor analysis and main components method by using varimax orthogonal rotation. Reliability of the scale was calculated by test-retest method and ordinal alpha coefficient.
 Results: The exploratory factor analysis showed six factors (taking initiative, investing, self-efficacy, variety, multifunctionality and positive frame of mind). Test-retest reliability and internal consistency the ordinal alpha coefficients assumed good.
 Conclusion: According to the results of current research, the short-form of self-management ability scale is a reliable instrument with appropriate psychometric properties to measure the rate of self-management ability in Iranian older people.
 

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Introduction: Following the growth of the older population, attention to their health issues has become increasingly important. One of the issues that have been considered for various reasons is the oral health of the elderly. The purpose of this study was to determine the oral health status of older people in Tehran.
Method: This study is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. This study was conducted on 190 older people (113 old men and 77 old women) in Tehran's parks. The oral health status of the elderly was evaluated by GOHAI's oral health index, which has already been validated in Iran. Data were analyzed by mean, standard deviation and correlation and T independent test, using SPSS v.22 software.
Results: The mean age of participants was 67.30 ± 6.87. About 57.90% of the older adults did not have any of their teeth. The mean oral health of the older adults was 43.04 ± 10.61. There was a significant positive correlation between discomfort score and number of missing teeth (P <0.001, r = 0.51).
Conclusion: The results showed that the oral health status of the older adults is not appropriate in Tehran, which indicates the need to pay more attention to preventing oral problems and improving oral health.
 

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Introduction: Elderly people face problems such as poor mental health, satisfaction and low life expectancy and reduced happiness. The effectiveness of happiness education has also been confirmed in the improvement of some psychological problems. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of Lyubomirsky happiness training on mental health, life satisfaction, life expectancy and happiness in elderly women in Shahreza.
 Method: Present research was a quasi-experimental (pretest-posttest with a control group), The statistical population of this study included all elderly women living in the home of the city of Shahreza in 2016-2017 which 30 people selected using available sampling method and they were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 individuals for each group). Both groups Completed Goldberg and Hiller's General Health Questionnaire (1979), Life Satisfaction of Diner et al. (1985), Life expectancy of Snyder et al. (1991) and Happiness of Oxford (1989), in the three stages of pre-test, post-test and one month follow up. Lyubomirsky Happiness Training (2008) was conducted in groups during six sessions (weekly one-hour session for six weeks). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics including variance analysis with repeated-measures using SPSS version 20 software.
Results: The results of variance analysis with repeated-measures showed that the mean scores of mental health (p=0.028), life satisfaction (p=0.042), life expectancy (p=0.001) and happiness (p=0.005) of elderly in experimental group compared to control group increased in the post-test and follow-up stages to the pre-test stage.
Conclusion: Regarding the fact that Lyubomirsky's happiness training has an impact on improving mental health, improving life satisfaction and life expectancy, as well as increasing the happiness of the elderly, therefore, it is recommended to use this methodology to improve the variables discussed in aging centers.

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Introduction: Evidence show that sport has positive effects on elderly’s health. But old people don’t usually interest in doing physical activities. On the other hand, designs of sport facilities and equipment aren’t appropriate for elderly. This research was conducted with the aim of identify the requirements of sport facilities and equipment for elderly. 
Method: This research was carried out with both qualitative and quantitative methods and by using of ANP method during 1396-1397 in Tehran and Karaj. In qualitative phase, the data were collected by interviewing with 15 experts. Then in quantitative phase, Paired Comparison Questionnaire was used and results were managed by Excel 2010 and prioritized with ANP method using super decision software 2.8.
Results: 5 Main requirements and 32 sub-criteria were identified. They were prioritized as below: Safety and environmental security, structure of interior design, basic principals in design, physical and users factors of building, charm and aesthetics. 
Conclusion: Identification and prioritization of requirements for interior design of sport facilities and equipment could help to stakeholders for appropriate designing of these facilities. so elderly will be interested to doing sports and a safe and calmly environment provided for them. 

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Introduction:Iran has surpassed its population structure changes to an elderly country, as a result, their mental and physical health problems become important. This study aimed to compare the mental and physical health of resident and non-resident elderly people. 
Method:this research is cross sectional conducted in Tehran city. Statistical sample in this research include 160 elders in three groups resident in home, elders resident in private and public elderly homes. Australian Ministry of Health questionnaires have been used to collect data that reliability and validity of questionnaires has been proven by Alizade et al (2008). In addition, TOPSIS technique has been used for data analysis. 
Findings: Among the factors affecting mental and physical health, the option of elderly living at home with index 0.044291 is in the first rank, the second is the elderly living in a private sanatorium with the index 0.005953 and elderly living in a public sanitary are in third rank with the index 0.004557.
Conclusions:The results showed that there is a significant difference between the elderly living in the private and public sanatorium in terms of mental and physical health and its components. The most important factors are: psychological distress index, that in terms of less importance of this index, elderly living in home are in first rank, elderly living in the private nursing homes are in the second rank and the elderly living in the public sanatorium are in third rank. Physical performance evaluation and evaluation of everyday activities performance in terms of most important of this factor, elderly living in home are in the first rank, elderly living in the private nursing homes are in the second rank and the elderly living in the public sanatorium are in third rank.

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Introduction: Elderly health is one of the most important health issues in most societies that can be prevented by elderly problems through health care education. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of multimedia education on promoting healthy lifestyle of the elderly in Tehran.
Method: This clinical trial study was performed on two groups of thirty elderly people with mean age (63.41 6 6.88) who were members of the elderly focal points of Tehran neighborhoods with moderate to poor lifestyle scores. Intervention group received healthy lifestyle training in old age using multimedia educational software and the control group did not receive any intervention. Three months later, the lifestyle of the two intervention and control groups was again assessed.
Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the two groups after the intervention (P <0.001).
 Conclusion: Lifestyle education using multimedia educational content is effective in the elderly and due to the importance of healthy lifestyle in preventing the problems of old age and due to the limitations of the elderly for attending healthy lifestyle training classes, The above method can improve the health of the elderly.
 

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Introduction: Elderly people with low levels of health literacy are at risk because they have difficulty understanding and reading health information that may affect their care. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between health literacy status and self-care ability in the elderly in Tabriz.
Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2019 with the participation of 165 elderly people in the Tabriz Retirement Center. Sampling was done randomly and considering the inclusion criteria. The tools used included three sections: demographic characteristics, health literacy questionnaire and self-care self-care questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS ver21 with p <0.05 as the limit of significance.
Results: The mean (standard deviation) age and body mass index were 66.47 (5.44) and 26.75 (1.90) and 52.7% of the male participants, respectively. The mean (standard deviation) score of health literacy and self-care ability were 79.58 (11.80) and 68.95 (6.37), respectively. Most of the elderly 143 (86.7%) had adequate and higher level of health literacy. Also 83 (50.3%) had low self-care ability. There was a positive and significant relationship (p <0.05) between health literacy and self-care ability, although this relationship was weak (r = 0.20).
Conclusion: Although the level of health literacy was moderately high, in terms of self-care ability, it was moderate and many people had insufficient self-care ability. Indicates the need to pay attention to the relevant factors in order to plan and take measures to improve the self-care capacity of the relevant authorities.

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Introduction: Public health and the happiness of the elderly are one of the most important economic, social and health challenges of the twenty-first century due to the phenomenon of increasing their population. This study was conducted with the aim of comparison of the General Health and Happiness of the Elderly Living in Nursing Homes, Private Homes with and without Family-Based Rehabilitation Services.
Method: The method of this descriptive-analytic study. The statistical population of the study consisted of elderly people living in the family, family members under the family rehabilitation scheme and residents of the elderly in Zabol city in 2017 in 90 people. The sample size was 59 people. However, because of the criteria for entering and homogeneity of society, from each elderly group, 30 were selected by gender (15 women and 15 men). The present research tool was the General Health Questionnaire (28 questions form) and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. For data analysis and analysis, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used by SPSS software version 21.
Results: There was a significant difference between the elderly living at home and the elderly covered by the plan with the difference of mean (2.47) and (P= 0.01). But there was no significant difference between the elderly living in the home and the elderly in the nursing home with respect to the (P= 0.44). In terms of social functioning, there was a significant difference between the elderly living at home and the elderly covered by the plan with a mean difference (3.33) and (P<0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the elderly at home and the elderly at home with a significant level (P=0.08).
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, by examining the health of the elderly and their ability to perform their daily activities, health teams and their family members can prevent the progression of their inability to perform life activities and depression.

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Introduction: Elderly people often have complex and unknown needs but we have not yet fully recognized them in accordance with international standards in our country. Therefore, the present study attempts to more accurately identify the types of fulfilled or unmet needs related to the health of the elderly in Sabzevar city using valid and specialized tools.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 240 elderly people over 60 years old without any cognitive problems in Sabzevar city in 2019. They were selected by Stratified sampling from population areas of 6 health centers in the city. Data were collected by a questionnaire consisting of two parts demographic and need assessment based on Cambrol standardized instrument (CANE) and were analyzed by Stata v.14 and statistical methods.
Results: The mean age of the study units was 68/1 ± 7/2. Based on the main findings of the study, the elderly with unmet needs ranked first in terms of benefits (23%), physical health (16%), medicine (15%), money / budget (14%), sight / hearing (10%), Daily activities (9.5%), nutrition (9%), mobility (9%), housekeeping (8%), caring for another (6%), mental comfort (5%) and They have savings (5%). On the other hand, the most fulfilled needs were medication (39%), physical illness (35%) and visual and hearing improvement (28%).
Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that the most unmet needs of the elderly were physical and then social needs and environmental needs were the least priority for them.
 

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Introduction: People in old age are susceptible to a variety of diseases and disabilities due to decreased physiological capacities. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of substance abuse, mental health, and frailty among the elderly hospitalized in Hazrat-e Rasoul Hospital in 2019.
Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was performed on 300 patients 60 years old and over at Hazrat-e Rasoul Hospital in Tehran. The researcher-made questionnaires for demographics, general health (GHQ), substance use (DAST), and clinical frailty questionnaires (CFS) were used to obtain the data.
Results: The age range of the participants was between 60 and 97 years with a mean of 71 years. 22.7% equals 68% of the elderly studied with substance abuse, mean overall health score was 19.78 with a standard deviation of 13.38 and in elderly frailty, good management index with a frequency of 69 persons equals 23% of Subjects have the highest frequency.
Conclusion: The findings showed that the family, social and economic status of the elderly is influenced by the prevalence of substance abuse and their general health and frailty.